COMPUTER EDUCATION TUTORIAL

Hacking  is an atempt to exploit a computer system or a private network inside a computer. Simply put, it is the unauthorised access to or control over computer network security systems for some illicit purpose. Description:  To better describe hacking, one needs to first understand hackers. One can easily assume them to be intelligent and highly skilled in computers. In fact, breaking a security system requires more intelligence and expertise than actually creating one. There are no hard and fast rules whereby we can categorize hackers into neat compartments. However, in general computer parlance, we call them white hats, black hats and grey hats. White hat professionals hack to check their own security systems to make it more hack-proof. In most cases, they are part of the same organisation. Black hat hackers hack to take control over the system for personal gains. They can destroy, steal or even prevent authorized users from accessing the system. They do this by finding loopholes an

Protocol Definition:   It is a digital language through which we communicate with others on the Internet. Protocol  meaning is that it a   set of mutually accepted and implemented rules   at both ends of the communications channel for the proper exchange of information . Types of Protocols:- TCP Transmission control protocol  is used for communication over a network. In TCP data is broken down into small packets and then sent to the destination. However, IP is making sure packets are transmitted to the right address. Internet Protocol (IP) IP is also working with TCP. It is an addressing Protocol. IP addresses packets route them and show different nodes and network Unless it reaches its right destination. The IP protocol is developed in 1970. FTP File transfer protocol is basically used for transferring files to different networks. There may be a mass of files such as text files, multimedia files, etc. This way of file transfer is quicker than other methods. SMTP Simple mail transfer p

1.  OSI Model  stands for Open System interconnection model. 2.  OSI Model  defines how data is transferred from one computer to another computer. 3. In a very basic scenario two computers connected with a LAN and connectors transfer data using the NIC. This forms a computer network, however if both the system uses different operating systems, for example one system runs on windows and other one runs on MacOS then how can data be transferred between these two different systems, here comes the role of a OSI model which is a seven layered model that defines how a data can be transferred between different systems. 4.  OSI model  was introduced by International Organisation for standardisation (ISO) in 1984. 5. There are  seven layers  in a OSI model Application layer Presentation Layer Session layer Transport layer Network Layer DataLink layer Physical layer Physical Layer We now learned that a transport layer converts the data into segments, network layer converts the segments into packe

What is networking:- The exchange of information or services among individuals, groups, or institutions using devices is called networking. Types of Networking: Personal Area Network A  personal area network , or  PAN , is a computer network organized around an individual person within a single building. This could be inside a small office or residence. A typical PAN would include one or more computers, telephones, peripheral devices, video game consoles and other personal entertainment devices. Local Area Network A  local area network , or  LAN , consists of a computer network at a single site, typically an individual office building. A LAN is very useful for sharing resources, such as data storage and printers. LANs can be built with relatively inexpensive hardware, such as hubs, network adapters and Ethernet cables. Metropolitan Area Network A  metropolitan area network , or  MAN , consists of a computer network across an entire city, college campus or smal

What is Computer  : Computer is an electronic device that is designed to work with Information.  The term  computer   is  derived from the Latin term  ‘ computare ’, this means to  calculate  or  programmable machine .  Computer can not do anything without a Program . It represents the decimal numbers through a string of  binary digits . The Word 'Computer' usually refers to the Center Processor Unit plus Internal memory.

Definition of Operating System: 1.      An  operating system  ( OS ) is a software, that manages the computer hardware, and provides common services for execution of various application software.  For hardware functions such as input and output and memory allocation, the operating system acts as an intermediary between application programs and the computer hardware . 2.      An operating system (sometimes abbreviated as "OS") is the program that, after being initially loaded into the computer by a boot program, manages all the other programs in a computer. Objectives of Operating System: 1.      Convenience :  makes computer user friendly. 2.      Efficiency :  allows computer to use resources efficiently. 3.   Ability to evolve :  constructed in a way to permit effective development, testing and introduction of new functions without interfering with service.   Functions of Operating System: 1.      Resource Management